Concepts of Age and Ageing

Concepts of Age and AgeingThe geezerhooding process is of course a biological reality which has its bear dynamic, largely beyond human control. However, it is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In the developed world, chronological time plays a paramount role. The age of 60 or 65, roughly equivalent to retirement ages in intimately developed countries, is said to be the beginning of old age. In many parts of the under(a)developed world, chronological time has little or no importance in the meaning of old age. Other lovingly constructed meanings of age atomic number 18 more epoch- make such as the roles assigned to older people in some cases it is the loss of roles accompanying physical decline which is significant in defining old age. Thus, in contrast to the chronological milestones which mark life stages in the developed world, old age in many developing countries is seen to begin at the point when active contribution is no longe r possible. (Gorman, 2000).Age classification varied amid countries and over time, reflecting in many instances the social class differences or functional ability related to the workforce, but more often than not was a reflection of the current political and economic situation. many another(prenominal) times the definition is linked to the retirement age, which in some instances, was lower for women than men. This transition in put outlihood became the basis for the definition of old age which occurred between the ages of 45 and 55 years for women and between the ages of 55 and 75 years for men. (Thane, 1978).When olds are replaced with the elderly the world loses veneration. The word elders in Hebrew meant beard. In the Old Testament the elders were head of the households, prominent men of the tribes, and leaders or rulers in the community. The biblical requirements of an elder are described in these passages 1 timothy 31-7 terra firmas If someone aspires to be an elder, he de sires an honorable position. So an elder moldiness be a man whose life is above reproach. He moldiness be faithful to his wife. He must exercise self-control, live wisely, and have a good reputation. He must enjoy having guests in his home, and he must be able to teach. He must not be a heavy drinker or be violent. He must be gentle, not quarrelsome, and not bash money. He must manage his own family well, having children who respect and obey him. For if a man cannot manage his own household, how can he sign on care of Gods church? An elder must not be a new believer, be nonplus he might become proud, and the devil would cause him to fall. Also, people outback(a) the church must speak well of him so that he give not be disgraced and fall into the devils trap. Titus 16-9 states An elder must live a blameless life. He must be faithful to his wife, and his children must be believers who dont have a reputation for being wild or rebellious. An elder is a manager of Gods household, so he must live a blameless life. He must not be arrogant or irascible he must not be a heavy drinker, violent, or dishonest with money. Rather, he must enjoy having guests in his home, and he must love what is good. He must live wisely and be just. He must live a devout and disciplined life. He must have a strong belief in the trustworthy message he was taught then he lead be able to encourage others with wholesome teaching and utter those who oppose it where they are wrong.Long ago older people meant something, they were cherished and loved and respected. Since they were older they to the people around them were seen to be wiser. Now elders are no longer they are now referred to as the elderly, individuals who are no longer valuable to society, individuals who have become a burden to people, who no longer contributed to society.In Erickson (1982) possibility Integrity versus Despair, which occurs in the later adulthood in ages 60 years and older, he stated aging as being a state o f an individuals evolution. In this stage the crisis, integrity versus despair, Erikson (1982) suggest that during the beginning of the stage the individual will experience a sense of mortality. This emotion possibly a reaction towards the individual who is going through retirement, the death of a spouse or close friend, or it may be simply a consequence from the constant changing of social roles. Erickson (1982) states this sense of mortality precipitates the final life crisis. In this final life crisis it manifest itself as a reexamine of the individuals life career. This is similar to Butlers (1963) life review, individuals review their life career to determine if it was a success or if it was a failure. During the integrity phase the individual value their whole life as satisfactory and gratification. On the contrary, with despair the result is negative. This negative resolution marked itself as a fear of death a sense that life is too short and depressing.The roles of the el derly actions their relations and interactions with older individuals. Sociologist uses three different status to formulate this functionalist, symbolic and interactionism. The first functionalist analyze the ways in which the parts of society work together to keep society running effortlessly. Functionalist found that people with smash resources who stay active who stay active in other roles adjust better to old age (Crosnoe and Elder 2002). Within the functional perspective there are three social theories that explains the way in which older people might deal with the later life experience. The first is the disengagement theory. The disengagement theory states that withdrawing from the society and social relationships is an ordinary part of the growing old phase. Because men focus on work and women focus on marriage and family, when they withdraw they will be unhappy and directionless until they adopt a role to replace their accustom role that is compatible with the disengaged state (Cummings and Henry 1961).The second theory under the functional perspective is called the activeness theory. According to this theory, activity level and social involvement are key to this process and key to happiness (Havinghurst 1961 Neugarten 1964 Havinghurst, Neugarten and Tobin 1968). In the activity theory it states that the more active and involved the elderly is the happier he/she will be. Reformulations of this theory suggest that particular informal activities, such as hobbies are what most effect later life satisfaction (Lemon, Bengtson, Peterson 1972).The third is the continuity theory. In this theory the elderly makes certain choices so that they can uphold stability in personality, structure and belief and also the external structuring which includes relationships, active and involvement throughout the elder years. This is an attempt to maintain social equilibrium and stability by making future decisions on the basis of already developed social roles (Atchley 1971, Atchley 1989). The conflict perspective is guided by the opinion that social groups compete with other groups for federal agency and resources, within the conflict perspective there are three theories of aging within this perspective, the first being modernization theory (Cowgill and Holmes) support that the primary cause of the elderly losing power and influence in society are the parallel forces of industrialization and modernization.. Modernization is the transformation of a total society from a comparatively rural way of life based on animate power, limited technology, relatively undifferentiated institutions, parochial and traditional outlook and values, toward a predominantly urban way of life based on inanimate sources of power, highly developed scientific technology, highly differentiated institutions matched by segmented individual roles, and a planetary outlook which emphasizes efficiency and progress. (Cowgill 1974 127). As society modernize the status of the elde rly becomes less and they are more likely now to be involved in social rejection.The second part of the perspective is age stratification theory (Riley Johnson and Foner 1972). This theory states that the society might be stratified by age, just as there are stratification in terms of race, gender and class. Same age provides a foundation of social control, while different aged groups will have a fluctuating access to social resources for example political and economic power. The final part of this perspective is the exchange theory (Dowd 1975), a reasonable choice approach suggest that we experience increased dependence as we age and must increasingly submit to the will of us. In relationships most are built on a mutual exchange, as the elderly become less able to exchange resources they will see their social diminish.The third perspective is social interaction, which focuses on how society is made through the day to day contact of individuals furthermore the way people recognize themselves and others based on heathenish symbol. Rose (1962) subculture of aging theory focuses on the community created by the elderly when they are excluded due to their age voluntarily or involuntarily from participating in other groups. In this theory it proposes that the elderly will disengage from society and develop new pattern of relations with other peers who share mutual backgrounds and interest. some other theory within the symbolic interaction perspective is allotive optimization with compensation theory. (Baltes and Baltes 1990) based their theory on the idea that successful personal development throughout the life course and subsequent mastery of the challenges associated with everyday life are based on the components of selection, optimization and compensation. According to this theory, our energy diminishes as we age, and we select (selection) personal goals to get the most (optimize) for the effort we put into activities, in this way making up for (compensation) the loss of a wider range of goals and activities.