Teamwork wins Championship Essay Example for Free

Team realise wins Championship EssayTeam release wins Championship Talent wins games, but team proceeding and intelligence activity wins championship. l I must say what an awesome saying by Michael Jordan He beautifully portrays the success of team run away. As nowadays, the ch exclusivelyenge for companies is to deliver quickly and flexibly new quality products and services in order to respond to greater and changing demands from clients. Standardization and specialization characterize traditional process organization the progress to is divided into different segments, and workers perform their tasks individually, specializing in their field. However, specialization, control and outine ar suitable when a constant demand for standardized products applies. However, for a fast changing demand, this system does non seem to work as well, and may lead to coordination problems and rigidities. Therefore, to fulfill the fast changing demand, the companies started to look for new f orms of organization of which teamwork is quite successful one. 2 Teamwork is considered to be one of the core elements of the new work organization and it involves on the job(p) cooperatively and making use of individual strengths within a group to discover a common goal.Teams are more(prenominal) flexible and responsive to changing events. This is because there is no one leader clearly in charge in fact the leadership role is shared and work is done collectively. This creates an environment that facilitates knowledge and information exchange. As team working makes fuller use of all the talents of the workforce. Better solutions to problems are found as those most closely connected with the work participate in suggesting answers Thus, this highly motivates staff go forthing in reduce crunch turnover and high labour productivity. Labour productivity is the turnout per worker in a given time period.When companies such as W. L. Gore, Volvo and Kraft Foods introduced teams into their drudgery process, they made news because no one else was doing it. But today, its Just the opposite an organization that doesnt use teams would be newsworthy. Its estimated that over 70 percent of U. S. manufacturers use work teams. 3 Hence, team working is better for productivity than individual working. Management theory suggests that compared to an individual, a diverse group of people will be more creative because team members will bring a variety of ideas, perspectives and approaches to the group.Even at Google teams are a way of life. As the company web sites states, Googlers attain in small, focused teams and high-energy environments. 4 Actually teamwork is different from the Taylorist work organization. F. W. Taylor was the person who made first serious attempt to analyze worker indigence in order to advise management on the best ways to increase worker performance or productivity. His scientific management theory is characterized by task specialization, a pyramid h ierarchical structure and a centralization of responsibilities.Under the Taylorist model the work was divided into narrow functions with short, repetitive work cycles and the work method is rescribed in detail. However, this system does not offer sufficient scope for a process of upgrading and innovation, which is essential for quick change and adaptation. The slowness and relative rigidity of the traditional organizational scheme otten earns i t the name dinosaur syndrome. 5 Furthermore the repetitive tasks cause boredom amongst workers. Hence, employees lose interest in their work which ultimately leads to poor response rate and high labour turnover effecting productivity.Hence, Taylor approach of management, giving instructions to workers with no discussion or feedback is considered to be undesirable. doer participation in devising best work practices is now encouraged. As Mayo Human Relations theory also suggest that working conditions and monetary rewards stick little or n o effect on productivity. In fact when management consults with workers work in teams and develops a team spirit thus productivity is improved. As team working makes fuller use of all the talents of the workforce.Thus, better solutions to problems are found as those most closely connected with the work participate in suggesting answers. 6 Case study of Starbucks Corporation will further help to illustrate the concept. Starbucks Corporation is the most famous chain of sell coffee shops in the world. In 1971 it started with three owners and in 1982 a sales representative, Howard Schultz, of the house ware business in New York Joined them. When he had a vocation to Italy, he experienced an entirely different coffee culture. He wanted to adopt that in Starbucks but the initial owners rejected the idea.Therefore, he chose to afford a new coffee shop, named II Gironale. In two years his business was so successful that the three owners of Starbucks decided to sell their business to Schu ltz. His work strategy worked so well that in 2007 he was ranked as the 16th best company. Schultz was so successful due to his business culture, beliefs and attitudes. He believed that the heyday of success is not coffee but employees. Hence, motivation is the vital factor for business in the process of making their production. As labours are not working machines, so they pot not always do the same affairs with equal passion. Accordingly the efficient method to make staffs keen on their Jobs should be to motivate them. As Nicholson (1998) also reported that workers had strong social eeds which they tried to satisfy through membership of informal social groups at workplace. 7 Therefore, Schultz select teamwork which did not only construct a small social structure in organization for employees to socialize, but also composite of various kind of members who fit out with different background of skill and knowledge on account of the mission. However, if business were rather bureauc ratic in their approach with an inflexible approach to staff issues. rivet on individual working rather than teamwork then according to Mc Gregor theory Y, workers will be ighly de-motivated. As Mc Gregor theory Y managers believed that workers are creative, willing to accept responsibility and can derive as much enjoyment from work as from rest and play. Hence, in todays world where there is so much awareness among workers so if they are not given any right in decision making then this could de-motivate them and affect productivity.Thus, teamwork is the solution which gives workers not only the chance to participate in suggesting ideas in fact through increased communication they are able to stark(a) large projects in lesser time. As many business projects require numerous tasks and exhibit a complexity level that would be almost impossible for a single employee to complete on his own. 8 Therefore pulling individuals from a variety of departments and positions allows a company to complete projects and work assignments more efficiently.Adding up to it, team working can reduce management cost as it is often associated with de-layering ot the organization. De-layering is the removal ot one or more ot the levels ot hierarchy from an organization structure. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation coefficient between teamwork and employee training. This is because when workers work in teams they are able to learn from others. As some team members might be from the upper level of the management and have much more experience than others members.Thus by developing social contacts and even by observing them, members who are less experienced can learn. The Finnish Quality of Work Life Survey reports, Employees who do teamwork have generally better possibilities of receiving training and for developing their skills than people who do not work in teams. 9 Abraham Maslow also suggested the theory of the hierarchy of human needs. His findings were not only based on t he work environment in fact he considered psychological and sociological factors as well.He believed that human needs starts from the level of physical needs which include food, shelter, water and rest. Then it moves to safety needs which means bulwark from threats, Job security, health and safety at work. Further the hierarchy of needs move to social needs which refer to feeling of belonging to a group, curse and acceptance. And then comes the esteem needs and self actualization. Esteem needs mean status and recognition of achievement. Therefore, by developing teams MasloWs social and esteem needs and presumable to be fulfilled.Hence, workers are expected to be better motivated. It would stimulate people to take action to improve productivity. 10 Hence, it can be safely think that teamwork can contribute to a better quality of working life for employees leading to improved productivity. Working in teams allows employees to give their ideas and work collectively which result in completing large projects in lesser time and hence increase efficiency of employees. Efficiency means producing output at the highest ratio of output to input.Therefore, the organization is benefited from the speed of employees as teamwork motivates workers and they do their work with more interest. Furthermore, the degree of acceptance is high of the decisions made by teams as they are normally sensed as more legitimate than decisions made by one person. This is because team members are reluctant to fght or undermine a decision that they helped develop. 11 henry Ford also said, Coming together is the beginning. Keeping together is the progress. Working together is the success. 12 Therefore, adopting team work at work place usually leads to success. Total Words 1512

A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner Essay Example for Free

A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner EssayThere ar popular sayings that goes grapple moves in mysterious ways and eff denounces people crazy. The amalgam of those sayings would somehow serve as a rough description of William Faulkners story A Rose for Emily. Since its publication, the story still captures the imagination of many present-day readersalthough, in a disturbing way. The title is deceptively, and ingeniously for that matter, designed to make the story seem as a love story. It is important to note that a rose is a generally accepted symbolism for love. However, the story begins with the decease of the protagonist.Actually, there be many points in the story that would lead the readers to the conclusion that Faulkners story is far from a love story. This reading will be standing beside the argument that A Rose for Emily is a love story that presents to the readers love in an unfamiliar form. Faulkner exquisitely described how Emily is madly in love with Homer. She even dreams of being married to him someday. Faulkners details resemble a layout of a typical love story. However, all of those beautiful renditions of Emilys love are that diversions to the authors twists.When Emily menti unityd that she wants to be married to Homer, he replied that he was not a marrying man (366). The reader could almost picture Emily as a rose whose petals are torn by the sharp gust of wind of Homers subtle rejection. This particular event of her life had significantly contributed to her impend insanity. And because Emily loves Homer so much, Emily had devised a plan to keep him beside her. She had poisoned Homer, paralyzing him for a moment, and thusly for eternity. She then set Homers lifeless body in her bed, then slept with himin every context of the word slept.Emilys version of love could be described as unconventional. The story begins describing how the townspeople of Jefferson (Faulkners fictional city) do by her a sort of fallen monument (Faulkner 5 ). Even though the townspeople treat Emily in a revered manner, it would be arguable that they have love for her. In the first part, Emily is already dead and her pitiful yet gruesome background would be unfolded as the plot progresses. A safer claim to make about the townspeople treatment to Emily is that they pity her at the same time disgusted by her life, or more particularly, her love life.The shocking ending, considered a classic, reveals to the readers that Emily had murdered the one she truly loves, Homer Barron. It is just understandable that the townspeople of Jefferson and the readers (of the real world) would raise the question could this be considered love? If we would set aside the conventional notions of love (like couples promising to each some other eternity, sincerely caring for one another, a mutual understanding, etc. ), Emilys version of love would certainly be dismissed. However, we could still lay out Emilys actions as out of love, but to put it more succi nctly, it should be categorized as unrequited love.It should not be disputed anymore that anyone is commensurate love, even those with hints of insanity. Moreover, it is a general notion that a person who loves someone needs some kind of returned love. And if love is unrequited, the most likely effect on the unrequited lover would be a seemingly incurable misery. Emilys murder of Homer is oftentimes interpreted as an act of desperation. On the other hand, it could also regarded as an reaction to the subliminal messages of her love and passion for Homer. As we know of love, through literature and real life, it could paint in our minds illusions of being tardily loved back.Emily may have been genuinely convinced that she would someday marry Homer and that they would spend eternity in each others arms. The vitality Homer had rejected her proposal, she may have immediately though that the dead Homer may compromise. Moreover, she had set the dead body in a bed, a symbolism for marriag e. In addition, it is implied that she had slept with the dead body of Homer. It is important to consider that the context of the story is a time period where the people are mostly conservatives, particularly the aristocrats like Emilys family.It could be interpreted that she did not slept with the body out of mere lust, it could be something close to being love itself. Emilys life could be considered lacking love. The title, A Rose for Emily, suggests that she desperately needs to be loved. She loved her aristocratic lifestyle and her father who provides it for her. But when her father had passed away, she may have matt-up that all she loved had gone to grave with her father, being left alone and a pauper, she had become humanized (366).Considering her mental state, she had found love in Homer, he does not want to be with her, it is just understandable that she would do anything to be with the one she loves. After all, the topic at hand is love, a term and a invention with no sat isfying definition. Even science admits that love is more than just chemical reactions. If we would delve further in this attempt to understand love, we might just end up mad like Emily. Works Cited Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. An Introduction to Literature. Ed. Joseph Terry. New York Longman, 2001

Concepts of Age and Ageing

Concepts of Age and AgeingThe geezerhooding process is of course a biological reality which has its bear dynamic, largely beyond human control. However, it is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In the developed world, chronological time plays a paramount role. The age of 60 or 65, roughly equivalent to retirement ages in intimately developed countries, is said to be the beginning of old age. In many parts of the under(a)developed world, chronological time has little or no importance in the meaning of old age. Other lovingly constructed meanings of age atomic number 18 more epoch- make such as the roles assigned to older people in some cases it is the loss of roles accompanying physical decline which is significant in defining old age. Thus, in contrast to the chronological milestones which mark life stages in the developed world, old age in many developing countries is seen to begin at the point when active contribution is no longe r possible. (Gorman, 2000).Age classification varied amid countries and over time, reflecting in many instances the social class differences or functional ability related to the workforce, but more often than not was a reflection of the current political and economic situation. many another(prenominal) times the definition is linked to the retirement age, which in some instances, was lower for women than men. This transition in put outlihood became the basis for the definition of old age which occurred between the ages of 45 and 55 years for women and between the ages of 55 and 75 years for men. (Thane, 1978).When olds are replaced with the elderly the world loses veneration. The word elders in Hebrew meant beard. In the Old Testament the elders were head of the households, prominent men of the tribes, and leaders or rulers in the community. The biblical requirements of an elder are described in these passages 1 timothy 31-7 terra firmas If someone aspires to be an elder, he de sires an honorable position. So an elder moldiness be a man whose life is above reproach. He moldiness be faithful to his wife. He must exercise self-control, live wisely, and have a good reputation. He must enjoy having guests in his home, and he must be able to teach. He must not be a heavy drinker or be violent. He must be gentle, not quarrelsome, and not bash money. He must manage his own family well, having children who respect and obey him. For if a man cannot manage his own household, how can he sign on care of Gods church? An elder must not be a new believer, be nonplus he might become proud, and the devil would cause him to fall. Also, people outback(a) the church must speak well of him so that he give not be disgraced and fall into the devils trap. Titus 16-9 states An elder must live a blameless life. He must be faithful to his wife, and his children must be believers who dont have a reputation for being wild or rebellious. An elder is a manager of Gods household, so he must live a blameless life. He must not be arrogant or irascible he must not be a heavy drinker, violent, or dishonest with money. Rather, he must enjoy having guests in his home, and he must love what is good. He must live wisely and be just. He must live a devout and disciplined life. He must have a strong belief in the trustworthy message he was taught then he lead be able to encourage others with wholesome teaching and utter those who oppose it where they are wrong.Long ago older people meant something, they were cherished and loved and respected. Since they were older they to the people around them were seen to be wiser. Now elders are no longer they are now referred to as the elderly, individuals who are no longer valuable to society, individuals who have become a burden to people, who no longer contributed to society.In Erickson (1982) possibility Integrity versus Despair, which occurs in the later adulthood in ages 60 years and older, he stated aging as being a state o f an individuals evolution. In this stage the crisis, integrity versus despair, Erikson (1982) suggest that during the beginning of the stage the individual will experience a sense of mortality. This emotion possibly a reaction towards the individual who is going through retirement, the death of a spouse or close friend, or it may be simply a consequence from the constant changing of social roles. Erickson (1982) states this sense of mortality precipitates the final life crisis. In this final life crisis it manifest itself as a reexamine of the individuals life career. This is similar to Butlers (1963) life review, individuals review their life career to determine if it was a success or if it was a failure. During the integrity phase the individual value their whole life as satisfactory and gratification. On the contrary, with despair the result is negative. This negative resolution marked itself as a fear of death a sense that life is too short and depressing.The roles of the el derly actions their relations and interactions with older individuals. Sociologist uses three different status to formulate this functionalist, symbolic and interactionism. The first functionalist analyze the ways in which the parts of society work together to keep society running effortlessly. Functionalist found that people with smash resources who stay active who stay active in other roles adjust better to old age (Crosnoe and Elder 2002). Within the functional perspective there are three social theories that explains the way in which older people might deal with the later life experience. The first is the disengagement theory. The disengagement theory states that withdrawing from the society and social relationships is an ordinary part of the growing old phase. Because men focus on work and women focus on marriage and family, when they withdraw they will be unhappy and directionless until they adopt a role to replace their accustom role that is compatible with the disengaged state (Cummings and Henry 1961).The second theory under the functional perspective is called the activeness theory. According to this theory, activity level and social involvement are key to this process and key to happiness (Havinghurst 1961 Neugarten 1964 Havinghurst, Neugarten and Tobin 1968). In the activity theory it states that the more active and involved the elderly is the happier he/she will be. Reformulations of this theory suggest that particular informal activities, such as hobbies are what most effect later life satisfaction (Lemon, Bengtson, Peterson 1972).The third is the continuity theory. In this theory the elderly makes certain choices so that they can uphold stability in personality, structure and belief and also the external structuring which includes relationships, active and involvement throughout the elder years. This is an attempt to maintain social equilibrium and stability by making future decisions on the basis of already developed social roles (Atchley 1971, Atchley 1989). The conflict perspective is guided by the opinion that social groups compete with other groups for federal agency and resources, within the conflict perspective there are three theories of aging within this perspective, the first being modernization theory (Cowgill and Holmes) support that the primary cause of the elderly losing power and influence in society are the parallel forces of industrialization and modernization.. Modernization is the transformation of a total society from a comparatively rural way of life based on animate power, limited technology, relatively undifferentiated institutions, parochial and traditional outlook and values, toward a predominantly urban way of life based on inanimate sources of power, highly developed scientific technology, highly differentiated institutions matched by segmented individual roles, and a planetary outlook which emphasizes efficiency and progress. (Cowgill 1974 127). As society modernize the status of the elde rly becomes less and they are more likely now to be involved in social rejection.The second part of the perspective is age stratification theory (Riley Johnson and Foner 1972). This theory states that the society might be stratified by age, just as there are stratification in terms of race, gender and class. Same age provides a foundation of social control, while different aged groups will have a fluctuating access to social resources for example political and economic power. The final part of this perspective is the exchange theory (Dowd 1975), a reasonable choice approach suggest that we experience increased dependence as we age and must increasingly submit to the will of us. In relationships most are built on a mutual exchange, as the elderly become less able to exchange resources they will see their social diminish.The third perspective is social interaction, which focuses on how society is made through the day to day contact of individuals furthermore the way people recognize themselves and others based on heathenish symbol. Rose (1962) subculture of aging theory focuses on the community created by the elderly when they are excluded due to their age voluntarily or involuntarily from participating in other groups. In this theory it proposes that the elderly will disengage from society and develop new pattern of relations with other peers who share mutual backgrounds and interest. some other theory within the symbolic interaction perspective is allotive optimization with compensation theory. (Baltes and Baltes 1990) based their theory on the idea that successful personal development throughout the life course and subsequent mastery of the challenges associated with everyday life are based on the components of selection, optimization and compensation. According to this theory, our energy diminishes as we age, and we select (selection) personal goals to get the most (optimize) for the effort we put into activities, in this way making up for (compensation) the loss of a wider range of goals and activities.

Pre Birth Assessment Reflective Analytical Study

Pre Birth sagacity Reflective Analytical StudyI was requested to complete a Pre-Birth Assessment with regards to Case BB. The referral was made by the Community midwife to the Children and Families Area Team where I was on my placement. The Community accoucheuses concerns were bulletin board age, she already had a child who was at a lower place one year, her partner was in prison and the Midwife was further concerned about BBs lack of engagement with the health services particularly ante-natal services. The Midwife was also concerned with BBs stirred up state of mind. To consolidate what little know takege was on the referral I contacted BBs current Health Visitor whereby I was subject to a litany of BBs misdemeanours regarding her bring off of CA. Although the Health Visitor regarded BBs care of CA as poor I noted that there had been no genial track down input requested from the Health Visitor and that the Health Visitor had quite a forceful personality. However, I took on board the information the Health Visitor provided with an objective mind.BB is 19 years old and lives in a local authority house in a rural liquidation with few local amenities. The village is not well served with public behave which makes it difficult for BB to entrance the main town. BBs sole income is benefit based. BB now has devil children, CA who is 15 months old and LA who is 3 months old. BBs partner, BA (who is 22 years of age) is at present in prison, serving a time for Assault to Serious Injury. BA is not expected to return to the family home until October 2010. BA is the natural father to both CA and LA. My role was to complete a Pre-Birth Assessment with regards to convening a Pre-Birth Conference if necessary. This is in contention with the local authoritys High Risk Pregnancy Protocol. My role was also to run and work in partnership with BB and her family in the longer term.The mount of my practice was that of a statutory role with statutory responsibilities. Therefore, I had to consider how to book the family by assessing BBs strengths and pressures as well as raise the eudaemonia of BBs child and unborn child and in the wider brain to keep the family together. According to H oppositesall (2008) these are principles inherent at bottom the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 which themselves derive from broader principles surrounding the rights of the children and the importance of positive development as the basis for a meaningful life. that to this Healy (2005) points out that within the practice context it is the legal aspect which has precedence over other aspects of practice. This incorporates the fulfilment of legal duties and responsibilities.The Children (Scotland) Act 1995, as mentioned previously, is the underpinning legislation within Children and Families. This legislation with regards to parental responsibilities was I felt, apt to this case. For example, the responsibilities of a parent to a child under 16 are set out in Sect ion 1 of this Act. They are to safeguard and promote the health, development and welfare of the child and to provide appropriate direction to the child according to age. These parental responsibilities were important to consider when completing the Pre-Birth Assessment in reaction to both BB and her partner BAs capacity to parent. The Getting It Right For Every Child (GIRFEC) (Scottish Executive, 2005) policy was also crucial in my judgement. GIRFEC provides a practice model which promotes holistic mind and planning for children, centred upon indicators of well-being and as a policy is about intervention as early as possible and provision of the right care at the right time. Within GIRFEC is the My human beings assessment model which I used to swear out me complete the Pre-Birth Assessment particularly in relation to BBs parenting skills with CA. I also utilised Getting Our Priorities Right (GOPR) A Guide for modelers in Best Practice (Local Authority Child Protection Web Pag es). Underpinning this assessment was Protecting Children and Young People Framework for Standards (Scottish Executive, 2004).Within the context of completing the assessment I was aware of the statutory legal responsibility involved and the want to work within the framework of current legislation and policy. During supervision discussion was centred around the issue of care and control from the perspective of my practice based on statutory responsibility. According to Thompson (2005) to ignore control is to run the fortune of being ineffective, while to ignore care can lead to potentially abusive and dictatorial practice. Further to this Banks (2006) points out that the reasons for many ethical dilemmas and problems stem from the favorable work role asa public service profession dealing with under fire(predicate) service users who need to be fit to trust the worker and be protected from exploitation and also from its position as part of state welfare provision based on contr adictory aims and values (care and controlprotection of individual rights and promotion of public welfare) that cause tensions, dilemmas and conflicts.(Banks, 2006, p.25)As Banks also points out, in practice it is the rules of the agency that place who is to be regarded as a service user and provide the context in which the social worker operates. This, for me reflects that need to recognize the significance of discrimination and burdensomeness in service users lives and for my practice to be ethically sound and develop a participatory approach to my practice.Considering these points helped me formulate how I was going to engage with BB. I had an understanding of my statutory responsibilities from a legal and policy perspective and I had an understanding of my personal and professional values in terms of the tensions caused by care and control. Therefore, I indispensable to build a working(a) kind with BB which would allow me to build a theoretical understanding of the interrel ationship amidst the individual and society. (Watson West, 2006, p.13) This would help me complete a meaningful and insightful assessment of BBs current difficulties with appropriate interventions.To complete the assessment, I took into consideration Germain and Gittermans The Life Model of Social Work Practice (1996). Payne (2005) describes this model as a formulation of the ecological systems theory which is based on the relationship betwixt people and their environment. The aim of social work is to increase the fit between people and their environment by alleviating life stressors and increasing peoples personal and social resources to enable them to use more and better header strategies. Payne further points out that practice must be carried out through a partnership between worker and service user that reduces power differences between them. The environment and the demands of the life course should be a constant factor in making decisions.By utilising Germain Gittermans li fe model of practice (1996) I was able to create an accepting and supportive environment by describing my role clearly to BB and encouraging BB to give her thoughts about the referral. This elicited background information about her relationship with BA and support networks she had within her own extended family and with BAs extended family. We discussed the birth of her second child particularly in respect of how BB felt she could cope with CA as well as with the new baby. BB identified this as a worry for her as she was concerned that she would not be able to manage. To make sense of this information Payne (2005) describes resources that people have in order to cope. These are self-efficacy, self-esteem and self-concept. BB had none of these emotional resources available to her at this time. Coupled with this she had no self-direction in the sense she did not feel she had any control over her life.To allow me to elicit further information regarding BBs parenting skills I observed h er care of CA. The My World model which draws on upon the work of Bronfenbrenner (1979) and encourages practioners to take an ecological approach to the assessment process helped me in this respect. By looking at the three domains of growth and development, what is needed from the people who look after me and my wider world I was able to elicit the positives in the situation and the areas of pressure in relation to the safety, well-being and development of the child. Further to this, attachment theory, which according to Schofield (2002) is primarily a theory for understanding (Schofield, 2002, p.29) was also useful in that although directly seeking to improve the quality of interaction between children and caregivers, the childs sense of security, self-esteem and self-efficacy may also be increased by intervening in the systems around the family, for example providing social support to the mother or funding a place for the child in an activity group.A visit with BA was also organis ed, who although in prison presented as a earthshaking risk factor due to alcohol consumption and increasing levels of violence, albeit the incidents were not in or near the family home and did not involve BB nor his child. BA was at first uncommunicative which was understandable due to the setting and nature of the visit. Trevithick (2007) suggests that asking a range of different interrogations is central to interviewing however, before asking a question we must be interested in the answer. (Trevithick, 2007, p. 159) By careful use of open and reasond questions I was able to draw out BAs views on the assessment and gain some sense of a working relationship with him. However, what really opened the conversation was when I commented on how CA looked very like him.BA then fasten oned to talk about CA and how he was looking forward to the birth of his next baby. During the course of the visit I was able to understand how BA supports BB by allowing her the freedom to take care of CA while he did the cooking and looked after the house. BA went on to explain that his relationship with BB was sound entirely that he was aware he had let her down badly particularly as she was pregnant with his second child. BA was aware that he had missed a lot of CA growing up and he did not want this to happen with his second child. BA was also open about the circumstances leadership to his arrest and he admitted that it was due to a feud between two different villages that had been going on since school. BA confirmed that the whole thing was gaumless and that he now realised he needed to grow up.Taking into account the information gained and observations made during my visits with BB, CA and BA I was able to start to make sense of their environment, their strengths and pressures and the roles each of them had within the home and their community. Intervention at the initial dos of the process was I believe successful with regard to forming a working partnership with BB and to an extent with BA. Further visits with BB drew further information regarding informal support networks which in the main was her mother. BBs mother was a source of matter-of-fact support and advice and they were in contact daily. BB described her mother as her ear. Permission was sought from BB to meet with her mother. BBs mother was keen for her daughter to gain support from social services as she realised how difficult her daughter was finding things at this time.To complete the assessment and take into account risk factors and strengths I had to canvas and reflect on the information I had gained. According to Helm (2009) this information needs to be analysed before an understanding is developed which allows a judgement to be formed which can lead to an appropriate decision or action. Calder (2002) further offers a framework for conducting risk assessment by assessing all areas of identified risk and ensuring that each is considered separately e.g. child, parent, and surround ing environment each worrying behaviour should be assessed individually as each is likely to involve different risk factors. To counteract the risk factors present family strengths and resources should also be assessed, for example good bonding, supportive networks.After a thorough analysis and supervisory discussions I recommended that a Post-Birth Multi-Agency Conference not be convened. However, I recommended that a further assessment take place when BA returns to the family home and a Post-Birth Multi-Agency meeting to discuss proximo interventions be arranged as I was aware that the birth of the new baby could be a future pressure on BB. In line with anti-oppressive practice and partnership working, I discussed both the assessment and recommendations with BB and by letter with BA. Both were given the opportunity to put their views across and both were happy to lapse to work voluntarily with the department for the present.The reasons behind my recommendations were that BB alth ough socially isolated had a strong supportive network with her extended family and BAs extended family. Further to this BB has a close and supportive relationship with her mother whom she sees every day. According to Hill et al (2007) a vast array of research shows that parents in poverty, or facing other stresses, usually cope better when they have one or more close relationships outside the household and these are activated to give practical, emotional or informational support. Most often this is informal just now, for isolated parents access to family centres or professionals including health professionals can make a great difference to both the parents and the social and emotional health of children. (Barlow Underdown, 2005)With regards to CA, BB had a good bond with her daughter and was quick to attend to her needs. BB also had a routine in place for CA regarding mealtimes and naps this also include a bedtime routine. CA was reaching her developmental milestones (Source Sher idans Charts). CA had age appropriate toys and had the freedom of the living area. BB had erected a baby gate to stop CA from gaining access to the kitchen and the stairs. However, since CA started walking, BB has to continually keep an eye on CA due to the open fire and hearth in the living area which is proving stressful for BB. flying interventions included obtaining Section 22 funding to purchase a safety fireguard and information was obtained regarding BB making applications for Sure Start and Healthy Eating Grants. These applications were successfully made by BB and allowed her to purchase essential items for the new baby. BB had highlighted this as a worry for her as she was struggling financially. Working in collaboration with the Community Midwife arrangements were made for BB to make the trip to the clinic on alternate weeks when her benefits were received. The Community Midwife visited her at home the other weeks.I believe I managed to build a positive working relationshi p with BB. According to Wilson et al (2008) relation-based practice is the emphasis it places on the professional relationship with the service user. The social worker and service user relationship is recognised to be an important source of information for the worker to understand how best to help. In order to make informed decisions and critically prize practice, reflection and analysis of information should embrace all sources of knowledge which have to be drawn upon. Further to this, a potentially more informative, relationship-based and ruminative reaction would be to articulate the service users feelings by which the service user can acknowledge their own responses to the situation. As Fook (2002) points outReflective practioners are those who can posit themselves in the context of the situation and can factor this understanding into the ways in which they practice(Fook, 2002, p.40)Banks (2006) also indicates that part of the process of becoming a reflective practioner also involves being aware of ones own position of power and how dominant discourses construct the knowledge and values we use to describe and work with situations and practice. This has been discussed in supervision with regards to BBs Pre-Birth assessment and to visiting BA in prison.It is difficult to evaluate whether aspects of my work were effective or not. However, in supervision we discussed how keen BB was to gain support and seemed to appreciate the partnership approach. This was discussed in relation to Hill et als (2007) research and Barlow and Underdown (2005). Small aspects of my intervention, such as the provision of the safety fireguard were described by BB as a godsend and she was proud to show me the baby items she had purchased on receipt of the grants.Discussion in supervision also centred round the next stage of intervention which was after the baby was born. I discussed with BB the opportunity for CA to attend a local authority nursery one day per week. This would hel p CAs social and emotional development and at the same time allow BB to spend time with LA. This referral was successful as was gaining the services of a volunteer driver to transport CA. However, CA has only just started at the nursery and therefore difficult to gauge if this referral has been effective.Reflecting on my work overall, I should probably have explored more with BB her social isolation and worked on strategies to get her more involved in the community. Further to this resources in this village are non-existent and the parenting groups which were suitable were not available locally. BB was interested but location of the Family Centre and lack of public transport negated this. I enquired with regards to Outreach Work but this was not available. Discussion with other colleagues in the team reflected the same approximation regarding facilities for the outlying villages. Further discussion in supervision raised for me the difficulty of maintaining empowering and anti-oppre ssive practice within this context as assessment should be needs led not resource led.2,979 words

Accountability Representation Control Three Pillars of Organizational effiency

Accountability Representation Control Three Pillars of Organizational effiencyAccountability, holdation and dictation atomic number 18 often perceived as the three different entities however, they are three interconnected topics which crop the base of the organization. They function on the various views of the accounting which is a diversified field and seat be study under these three heads in more detail. I project act to illuminate the study aspect of all these three topics with respect to accounting and and then how these issues are applied in the recent economic debacle. To begin with first I would like to bewilder the notion of accountability and then representation and then reckon and lastly, the recent pecuniary failures.Accountability An IntroductionAccountability breeds responsibility. This famous quote by Steven R. herd gives the meaning of accountability in rather general terms. The concept of accountability toilet be defined as the process through which a individual is held answerable for his actions and deeds.. Under the umbrella of the organization the notion of accountability stomach be stated as the phenomenon through which whether a soulfulness at the higher(prenominal) level of hierarchy or at the lower level is accountable for his works and services that he renders to the organization. Accountability from the organizational berth bears great richness as it is the measure through which the performance of the organization and a person serving can be judged and analysed. Accountability has different forms which can be studied and understood by the findings of John Roberts (1991). He tries to explore different contemporary forms of the accountability and the possibilities in which accounting can be perceived. First, the individualising form of accountability can be studied in which the accountability contributes in making the realization of the image an individual perceives about it. (John Roberts,Page No. 358,1991). This perspective helps a person to consume his senses and action thitherby improving his image that is noticed by others. Second view of accountability that Roberts illustrates is the socialising form in which a person can improve its performance and efficiency by interacting with some of the experienced people in the organization. Accountability institutionalizes the use of accounting through which it operates in the organizations and firms.How Accountability full treatment?Accountability within the organizations mainly works through three different levels of accounting. They are auditing, precaution accounting and pecuniary coverage (Lightfoot, 2009 Accountability,2009 Available on https//blackboard.le.ac.uk/webapps/ approach/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3F eccentric%3DCourse%26id%3D_3872_1%26url%3D)). Financial reporting and management accounting aspect of accounting has been dealt in detail in representation and check part respective ly. The third and more practical form in which accountability holds in the organizations is the auditing in which companies accounts are checked and verified by some agency or authority assigned for it is c all over in detail here. When it comes to organizational perspective the application of accountability expands. From the past there has been a practice in business and organizations to maintain the accounts of each and e genuinely transaction that takes place in the organization. In modern era this trunk has become more advanced and transparent. The organizations can be judged or held responsible economically on the grounds of the accounts or monetary statements that they educate. This involves the concept of auditing of high society accounts. Audit serves as a vital economic process and play an important percentage in serving the public interest by strengthening the accountability and reinforcing the trust and confidence in financial reporting ((Available on http//www.ica ew.com/index.cfm/route/139474/icaew_ga/Technical_and_Business_Topics/Thought_leadership/Audit_Quality_Forum/Agency_theory_and_the_role_of_audit/pdf, 2005) ,2005). Auditing of accounts are generally performed by the people employed by the owner of the compevery, these persons are called auditors, agents or stewards. They generally work in the interest of the company with focus on the economic performance of the institution. This phenomenon is called as agency theory which suggests that because of the information asymmetries people employ agents or stewards who works for the benefit of the company. Auditing gives a clear idea of accounts and withal imparts the correct information to the shareholders. In UK, the auditing system was enforced after the application of Company Law Act 1985 where each and every registered company were supposed to recruit an annual audit. (Available on http//www.icaew.com/index.cfm/route/139474/icaew_ga/Technical_and_Business_Topics/Thought_leadership/Audi t_Quality_Forum/Agency_theory_and_the_role_of_audit/pdf,2005) .Interplay between Accounting and AccountabilityAccounting can be defined as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating the financial information about the entity to permit informed judgments and ratiocinations by users of information. ( American Accounting Association as quoted in Atrill and McLane , Page No.5, 2002). Initially there were cruder forms of accounting first one was double entry system which was a binary system method used for legering the events in which all the debits and credits were represented in the tabular form and the second was booksafekeeping which was the maintenance or the summary of all the financial transactions taken place.(Arizona, 2001). Accountability often comes to play where there is some accounting failures or discrepancies and the company or the person producing the account is held responsible.Historical perspective of AccountingThe topic of emergence of accounting and so me other new fields in accounting which has helped in making the inefficiencies of the individual visible and thus holding them responsible using the techniques of accounting namelystandard be and ciphering. Moreover, the authors have underpinned the notion of improving the individual performance by using these forms of accounting that emerged over the years. The studies of the accounting past reveal that the concept of accounting has changed over the years as per the nature and the requirement of the changing business scenario (Miller and OLeary 1987). One advantage of studying the concept of accounting from historical perspective is that a person can analyse where the accounting concept went in discord with respect to the demanding environment and these views can be elucidated and worked out at present.Representation an OverviewRepresentation from the sensible horizon of accounting can be further studied as financial accounting is an important branch of accounting which deals w ith the accounting outside the organization as company . This comes under the financial aspect of accounting. Financial statements or reports can be defined as the tool which provide a picture of the financial billet and performance of the business. (Atrill and Mclaney,2008Pg No. 38)There are various objectives of producing financial statements such as informing the investors or creditors about the current positioning of the company, to keep a record of all the economic transactions taking place within the company, to help managers in taking decisions etc.( Lightfoot,Chapter No.7 Representing accounting 2009). There are three forms of financial statements produced viz. hard cash flow which is the net movement of the cash taking place over a period of time often referred to as the difference of cash in and cash out (Atrill and Mclaney,2008 Geoffrey Lightfoot Chapter 2 Representation of accounts and representation of theories of accounting. ,2009), the income statement which is al so called as expediency and loss statement and is the statement of sales and tie in costs(Atrill and Mclaney,2008 Geoffrey Lightfoot,2009) and finally the balance sheet which is the amount of assets and amount owed externally( Geoffrey Lightfoot, Chapter 2 Representation of Accounts and representation of theories of accounting PageNo 5). All three aspects form the basis of the financial reporting of the organization. These are the methods which every company follows while producing their financial statements.Uses of Accounting Creative accountingCompanies often use these in a fraudulent way to produce accounts. These kinds of accounts are called as creative accounts and the practice is called creative accounting (Atrill and Mclaney,2008). It can be defined in a more specific way as the alteration in the accounting rules that raises concerns over the quality of published financial statements that is in line with what company wants others to see rather than what is delightful and true regarding the financial position and performance. (Atrill and Mclaney,2008).There are mainly four methods of creative accounting which an organization can adopt. First, is the overstating revenues in which companies tend to exaggerate the revenues (total amount of coin that a company receives by selling off goods or providing services). This is a core issue reported in many of the recent financial failures. Second is the massaging expense in which the directors handle the future costs of assets (anything that can furnish the money in the present or future it can be tangible or intangible) skillfully which can in return make it possible to derive a consistent profit figures in the future. Third is the hiding or concealing of any losses or liabilities(help to make financial statements look in a great position. There has been a number of instances in the past of organization that this form of creative accounting has been adopted by the companies such as Enron Corporation failure was mainly because of this where they tried to hide their falling assets values ( Atrill and Mclaney,2008 Pg No.183). The notion was to represent the company accounts statements in a falsified way so that it may look healthier. Lastly, it can be overstating assets which are projecting the high values of asset than the fair food market value which is again a spurious method of accounting. These practices are very much reported in the companies in recent past. But the major roll back in the history of accounting came after the Enron failure broke out in the year 2001 which caused the investors to lose money, a law was passed in the US in the year 2002 called the Sarbanes and Oxley Act (SOX) whose main objective is safeguarding the interest of the investors by completely revolutionising the financial reporting system (Ritto,2008). This law helps in keeping a check on the preserve derivatives (that derive their value from the underlying assets) transactions. (Cunningham,200640) Key f eature used by Enron Company to forge its accounts. Furthermore, many of these topics have been argued by a number of authors who have studied these topics in detail and have drawn various inferences ( Chwastiak and Young 2005McSweeney1997). McSweeney has tried to focus on the authenticity of the financial reports that a company produces and termed it as naturalistic faithfulness (McSweeney1997). These authors suggest that there are various conditions in which these financial reports cannot be trusted. McSweeney(1997) analysed dickens texts derived from US Financial Accounts Standards Boards statement of financial accounting concept No.2qualitative characteristic of accounting information(1980),and Tom leewards Cash Flow accounting(1984).( McSweeney1997 Pg No 694). In both of these texts McSweeney tried to reiterate that the representational faithfulness can be achieved only if the financial reports that are published should match with the economic transaction, events and circumst ances that it purports (McSweeney1997 Pg No 695). Moreover, he argues that the representational faithfulness depends upon how well informed the reader is, if the reader has all the information then he can judge the authenticity and faithfulness of the representation himself. In addition to that he also gives the notion that the representation may be imprecise or in other words the accounting representations cannot always be accurate, it may vary but the question here is how much this variance must be considered. McSweeney affirms that impression can be a consequence of election or to be unavoidable(McSweeney1997page no 697).However, later on in the article when he studies the second text of Tom Lee in which Lee suggests that the Cash flow accounting can be a solution which offers accurate financial reporting without ambiguities.However, there are some authors who remain distrustful in approach when it comes to discussing the annual reports that the companies produce (Chwastiak and Young,2005). They suggest that companies often do not care when it comes to projecting the profit maximisation in the annual reports. The financial reports are regarded as the dominant discourses which are always concerned to depict the profit maximisation without considering any other aspects like the earth hazards, human and wight hazards etc. He name these practices silencing of injustices (Chwastiak and Young,2005Page No.534).ControlControl can be defined as the method by which something is monitored or dominated. From organizational perspective the concept of mince involves management accounting which is the branch of the accounting that deals with the nuances of management in the companies. It involves the notion of corporate governance which includes all the processes used to gain control over a firm.Control involves mainly two key features viz. future planning and decision making. Control can be accessed by the managers who have the associate expertise in the relevant fi eld however, Armstrong investigates that there has been a change in the recent management system which contradicts with the findings of the F J Taylor of scientific management which opines that the managers often have related experience in their relevant field and also Henri Foyal who also strengthens this view (Armstrong,2001). However, he further suggests the techniques in management system that completely resuscitates the management system covered in detail in latter part of the essay.Means and Measures of ControlThere are mainly two ways through which organizational control can be achieved. First is the budgeting and the other one is cost accounting.Budget ControlOften control in the companies is achieved through proper future planning. This involves the budgeting where the future planning regarding the budgets of the companies are predicted and calculated and then the variances from the calculated performance and actual performance is calculated (Atrill and McLaney, 2008). As budgets are a sort of representation we can see the amalgamation of both the fields that is representation and control in one field. The main aims of budgeting are the supervise variance, synchronization of activities in the organization, planning resource allocation (Geoffrey Lightfoot, Chapter4 Management Control and Control of Management 2009). Additionally, it also helps in the judgment of managers performance where it serves both as the measure of accountability and control as well (Geoffrey Lighfoot,Chapter 5 Management Control and Labour Processes 2009) Managers are also involved in the process of happen management where they can be held accountable in predicting the difference between the prepared budget and the variances. This is an important factor of failure of financial institutions. Budgetary control pattern can be further studies under two control systemsFeedback control system- In this system first the budget is prepared and then the comparison between the actual pe rformance and the prepared budgetary performance are juxtaposed and then the third step is the response to the variances and exercising control. It is a very efficacious measure by which the senior level management exercise the control and accountability over the junior level of managers in their budget preparation therefore, pressing towards the objectives of the business(Atrill and McLaney,2008Glautier and Underdeum, 2001).Feedforward control system- In this system anticipations are made as to where the prepared budget can go wrong. In this type of forecasting practice it is possible to know the short comings of the prepared budget and then actions would be taken on those areas and improved budget can be prepared (Atrill and McLaney,2008Glautier and Underdeum ,2001).Activating based costing method (ABCM)This is another method which serves as a measure of planning and control. This involves the allotment of the costs and the services. This was formulated as a measure to revamp the obsolete process of the cost management system that involves the inefficiency of specifically predicting the production and services costs or convey the useful information for decisions. This is again an area where the concept of control and accountability is related as the managers performance can be measured based on the decision making of inaccurate data. ( Glautier and Underdeum, 2001).This is the technique that Armstrong consider in his paper as a modelling process which was developed to curb the inaccuracy of the prior accounting systems which comprises of star allocation base to the overheads costs.(Armstrong,2001).Senses of ControlSenses of control imply various factors which can affect the organization working and its performance. It can be distributed into two fields viz. familiar control or management control which are the process formulated to convey the reasonable assurance as regards to the attainment of the objectives of the organizations and external control (Cun ningham,2006). These can be further classified in to two categories. They are as followsBureaucratic Control- It refers to the usage reward, policies and rules that augments the performance of the employees in the organization. ( Available on http//www.strategic-control.24xls.com/en112 accessed on 09.12.2009)Clan Control- It implies the use of the informal measures to enhance the efficiency of the employees working in the organization. ( Available on http//www.strategic-control.24xls.com/en112 accessed on 09.12.2009)The second type of control mechanism is external control in which the functioning of the organization is affected by some external factors. This involves market control process which employs the usage of damage competition to judge the outputs. For market control system to operate there must be a reasonable degree of competition in goods or services it should be possible to clearly mention the requirements. (Barnat, 2005).Financial Institution failureAll the three issue s that we have discussed are the major factors which comes into play in the recent collapse of financial institution. Financial crunch or the recession of 2008 was mainly due to the failure of financial institutions. A financial institution can be defined as an institution which provides financial services to its clients. The recent failure of market was mainly caused due to the fall of Lehmans brother which was global financial player and dealt in a range of financial services like investment banking, fixed income sales, research and trading. It was in the month of September 2008 that it filed for bankruptcy with $639 billion assets and $619 billion in debt, its bankruptcy surpassed all the other reported bankruptcy like that of Enron and World.com.( http//www.investopedia.com/articles/ economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp?viewed=1,2009). The reason of the failure of Lehman brothers was that during the economy boom time in US in the year 2005, it owned a stake in the ownershi p of five mortgagers (acquired) including some of those who had tarnished image of credit history such as BNC mortgage, and Aurora Loan services, which were major subprime lenders at the same time Lehman also reported a record high of revenue earnings in the previous years enabled it to mount the profit rate 56% from 2004 to 2006. After the credit crisis broke out in 2007, it continued to its policy of lend more money in acquisition (Mortgage back securities) in order to boost up more profits. But due to credit crunch Lehman brother had to suffer losses(http//www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp?viewed=1,2009). It was here that the higher managerial authorities must have been held accountable. The argument of Chwastiak and Young seems relevant here that the financial entities are only concerned with the profit maximization. Secondly, the second factor of failure of Lehman brothers its high leverages value (usage of debt to fortify the investment in order to maximise the profit (loss)) (http//www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp?viewed=1,2009)). Here the problem with the recording derivatives can be seen in which the Lehman failed. The third factor was the risk management failure in which the senior management failed in assessing the risk of the future and therefore, failed from the internal control perspective. Besides this there are other examples also like the failure of Merrill Lynch, Arthur Andersen etc. that failed to comply with the three issues viz accountability, representation and control.These three topics are very vital in respect to the organizations as it forms the three pillars on which the functioning of an organization is based. However, often these issues are overlooked and the companies suffer losses and eventually market collapses thereby undermining the public interest. However, after the recent failures and crisis the governments have taken up controls over economy in th e recession hit countries and are trying to revive the global market scenarios. Nonetheless, it cannot be achieved until these issues are strictly considered with compliance.

Teen Romanance is Not Smart Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays Y

Teen Romanance is Not Smart Do teenagers today have their priorities in the correct order when it comes to dating? More and more often, it does not seem they do. Some teenagers these days spend too much quantify focusing on their romantic alliances instead of the things that should be more of import. Teenagers who are in serious relationships do not care as much about school, their families, or their jobs. These teenagers seem to forget ein truththing that should be important to them. School should be a very important priority for teenagers. In high school, teachers try to prepare young people for what lies ahead in life. That includes breathing out off to college and entering the working world. But many teenagers in serious relationships begin putting off doing their homework and studying for tests. Their scores begin to drop, and sooner than they cut it, they are failing their classes. Most times when these lovesick teenagers begin failing, they do not care. In some cases the teenagers even drop out. In todays world it is near impossible to find a decent job without at least a high school diploma. Without a job, a person cant get very far or have an interesting life. Is one boy or girl really worth it? Just graduating from high school this past June, I saw a lot of my friends go down this road. Many of my friends were honor students through most of their years of school. Then some of these friends met significant others their junior and elderly years, and that was the end of them being honor students. Whenever I asked my friends about their relationships, they would each give me the same story, that this was the person they wanted to spend the rest of their lives ... ... keep a 4.2 grade point average and graduated fifth in my class. This was because I kept my priorities in order. My boyfriend came last in most situations. He understood and authorized this. At that point in my life I had more important things to deal with. I managed to work, go to school, and hold down a serious relationship without getting my priorities mixed up. So for the people who say it is impossible to do all of these things, I know from personal experience that it is not. I am not saying that it is wrong to date as a teenager. Just remember what is important. The teenage years are to be used as a time to grow and experience new things, but not at the expense of what is important in life. Just keep a level head and do not get too involved with that significant other right now. It is important to remember what it important in life.

Essay --

The sonnet is a form of poetry that is vastly used among poets. in that location are usually two types of sonnets in poetry, the Shakespearean sonnet and the Italian sonnet. Sonnets are typically defined as poems made up of 14 lines that verse line in a specific way. William Butler Yeats Leda and the Swan is an example of an Italian sonnet. It consists of 14 lines and the rhyme scheme is ABABCDCDEFGEFG. In his poem, Yeats uses the sonnet form in legion(predicate) traditional ways. However Yeats also revises the sonnet form in order to help readers understand the main theme of the poem, which is rape. The poem starts off very surprising. In the first stanza, the speaker says, A sudden blow the great wings still/ Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed/ By the dark webs, her nape caught in his philippic/ He holds her helpless mamilla upon his breast (1-4). Right away the speaker seems surprised. The girl wasnt expecting a blow anytime soon and was knocked down. She seems di soriented and unsure of whats going on. The bird is described as having great wings. This diction makes him seem powerful. Furthermore, he is above Leda and starts caressing her thighs. She seems helpless at this point. In line terce of the poem, the swan grabs her neck with his bill. Then, he holds her closer so that their breasts can touch. The language here creates a very intimate setting. In addition to that, Ledas breast is described as helpless. It seems that she cant do anything and must let the rape continue. The way the poem is being told in the first stanza seems to allude to the fiction of Leda and the Swan in Greek mythology. It seems that Yeats wants to portray the swan as the Greek god Zeus in the poem. In the punt stanza, the speaker asks two questions. The spe... ...tead of prefigure the future. The speaker wonders if she knew what was going on while she was being raped and the consequences of Zeus actions. Furthermore, since this is an Italian sonnet, it is divi ded into two sections. The first section consists of the first eight lines and is called the octave. The second section is called the subset and consists of the final six lines of the poem. In the poem, the first part talks about Leda being raped by the powerful swan. She is helpless and even though she struggles, she cannot escape. This part of the poem focuses on Ledas view of the situation. In the subset, the swan finally finishes raping Leda and the poem moves on to address what exactly has happened. In the subset, the speaker narrates the consequences of the rape. These consequences intromit the burning of the city of Troy and the Trojan War. In conclusion,